Jane Maienschein - Publications | Center for Biology and Society

Publications

By Jane Maienschein

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Websites

Books

What is Regeneration?

University of Chicago Press, 2022

Embryos Under the Microscope: Diverging Meanings of Life

Harvard University Press, 2014

Whose View of Life? Embryos, Cloning, and Stem Cells

Harvard University Press, 2003; paperback 2005 | Finalist for Independent Publishers Award

Transforming Traditions in American Biology, 1880-1915

Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991

100 Years Exploring Life, 1888-1988. The Marine Biological Laboratory

Jones and Bartlett Press, 1989

Edited volumes

Why Study Biology by the Sea? with Karl Matlin and Rachel Ankeny (University of Chicago Press, 2020).
The Ark and Beyond: The Evolution of Zoo and Aquarium Conservation, with Ben Minteer and James Collins (University of Chicago Press, 2018).
Visions of Cell Biology: Reflections on Cowdry's General Cytology, with Karl Matlin and Manfred Laubichler (University of Chicago Press, 2018).
“What is an Embryo and How Do We know?,” with Jason Robert, in Jeffrey Nisker, et al., editors, The “Healthy" Embryo: Social, Biomedical, Legal and Philosophical Perspectives (Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 1-15.
Form and Function in Developmental Evolution, with Manfred Laubichler (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
From Embryology to Evo-Devo: A History of Developmental Evolution, with Manfred Laubichler, (MIT Press, Dibner Institute series, 2007).
The Department of Embryology. Volume V of Centennial History of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, with Marie Glitz and Garland Allen (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Biology and Epistemology, with Richard Creath (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Biology and the Foundations of Ethics, with Michael Ruse, (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Crossing the Borderlands: Biology at Chicago, special issue of Perspectives on Science, with Gregg Mitman and Adele E. Clarke (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).
The Expansion of American Biology, with Keith Benson and Ronald Rainger, (Rutgers University Press, 1991).
The American Development of Biology, with Ronald Rainger and Keith Benson, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988); republished in paperback (Rutgers University Press, 1991).
Defining Biology. Lectures From the 1890s, (Harvard University Press, 1986).
"Reflections on Ecology and Evolutionary Biology ,” with James Collins and John Beatty, Journal of the History of Biology, special issue,(1986) v.19 #2.
"Introduction" in L. J. Blyakher's History of Embryology in Russia (Smithsonian Institution, 1982).

Articles

With Kate MacCord, "What is Regeneration?" Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, forthcoming 2024.
With Kate MacCord, "Studying Regeneration Though History as a Way of Moving Forward" Journal of the History of Biology. March 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-024-09769-5
"Garland Allen's Last Book Project," Journal of the History of Biology, August 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-023-09726-8.
Maienschein, Jane. “The Camouflaged Metaphysics of Embryos.” Issues in Science and Technology (April 27, 2023).https://doi.org/10.58875/CNST5707
With Melinda Fagan, “Theories of Biological Development,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2022.
With Steve Elliott and Kate MacCord, "Help with Data Management for the Novice and Experienced Alike," in Grant Ramsey and Andrea De Block, editors, The Dynamics of Science: Computational Frontiers in History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh Press, December 2022.
With Kate MacCord, "Explaining Regeneration: Cells and Limbs as Complex Living Systems, Learning from History" Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. August 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.734315
With Kate MacCord, “The Historiography of Embryology and Developmental Biology,” in Michael Dietrich, Mark Borello, and Oren Harman, editors, Handbook for the History of Biology (Springer, 2021). Online first: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74456-8_7-1.
“Why Have Biologists Studied at the Seashore? The Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory,” in Karl Matlin, et al., editors, Why Study Biology by the Sea? (University of Chicago Press, 2020).
With Abraham Gibson and Manfred Laubichler, “Computational History and Philosophy of Science,” ISIS (2019) 110: 497-501.
With Manfred Laubichler and Jürgen Renn, “Computational History of Knowledge: Challenges and Opportunities,” ISIS (2019) 110: 502-512.
With Kate MacCord, “Philosophy of Biology: Understanding Life at Different Scales", eLife 8 (March 13, 2019): https://elifesciences.org/articles/46569.
With Kate MacCord, “The Marine Biological Laboratory,” eLS (John Wiley and Sons, 2018). Online publication. doi 10.1002/9780470015902.a0027989
“History and Philosophy of Science Engaging the Public,” in Françoise Baylis and Alice Dreger, editors, Bioethics in Action (Cambridge University Press, 2018).
“Changing Ideas about Cells as Complex Systems,” in Karl Matlin, Jane Maienschein, and Manfred Laubichler, editors. Visions of Cell Biology: Reflections on Cowdry’s General Cytology (University of Chicago Press, 2018), pp. 15-45.
Cell Lineages in Ontogeny and Phylogeny," in Brian K. Hall and Sally A. Moody, editors, Cells in Evolutionary Biology: Translating Phenotypes into Genotypes - Past, Present, Future. (CRC Press, 2018) pp. 51-70.
With Kate MacCord, "Teeth at the Intersection of Cells, Development, and Evolution," in Richard Delisle, editor, The Darwinian Tradition of Context: Research Programs in Twentieth-Century Evolutionary Biology . (Springer, 2018).
With Kate MacCord, "Changing Conceptions of Human Nature," in David H. Guston, Ed Finn, and Jason Scot Robert, editors, Frankenstein Annotated for Scientists, Engineers, and Creators of All Kinds (MIT Press, 2017), pp. 215-221.
"The First Century of Cell Theory: from Structural Units to Complex Living Systems," Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, 2017:43-54.
"Garland Allen, Thomas Hunt Morgan, and Development." Journal of the History of Biology (2016) 49: 587-601. (online first October 2015).
"Embryos, Microscopes, and Society," Studies in History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences (2016) 57: 129-136.
"Expertise and the Roles of the Academy" in Steve Olson, editor, "The National Academy of Sciences at 150: Biology and Public Policy," 2015.
"Is There Anything New About Astrobiology and Society?" in Stephen J. Dick, editor, Astrobiology and Society (Cambridge University Press, 2015), pp. 249-262.
“Understanding Embryos in a Changing World: the Case of Philosophers and Historians Engaging
Science,” Erkenntnis Online 16 October 2013; (2014) 79: 999-1017.
With Manfred Laubichler, “Exploring Development and Evolution on the Tangled Bank,” in Paul Thompson and Denis Walsh, editors, Evolutionary Biology: Conceptual, Ethical, and Religious Issues (Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 151-171.
“Stem cell research utilizing embryonic tissue SHOULD be conducted,” with response, in Arthur Caplan and Robert Arp, editors, Contemporary Debates in Bioethics (Wiley-Blackwell, 2014), pp. 237-247 and “Reply” 259-260.
“Finding Goodness Among Ought and Is Debates in Stem Cell Research,” in Victorio Hösle, editor, Dimensions of Goodness (Cambridge Scholar Publishers, 2013), pp. 225-242.
With Manfred Laubichler and Juergen Renn, “Computational Perspectives in the History of Science: To the Memory of Peter Damerow,” Isis (2013) 104:119-130.
With Manfred Laubichler, “Developmental Evolution,” in Michael Ruse, editor, Darwin Encyclopedia (Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 375-382.
With Manfred Laubichler, “Charles Gillispie in the Digital Age,” in Jed Buchwald, editor, Charles Gillispie: A Master of Science History (Springer, 2012), pp. 37-45.
“History and Philosophy of Science at Work: Making Regenerative Medicine Research Better,” in Seymour Mauskopf and Tad Schmaltz, editors, Integrating History and Philosophy of Science: Problems and Prospects (Springer, 2012), 201-220.
“Human Dimensions of Biology,” in William Sims Bainbridge, editor, Leadership in Science and Technology (Sage Publications, 2012), pp. 504-511.
“‘Organization’ as Setting Boundaries of Individual Development,” Biological Theory (2011) 6: 73-79.
“Why Do Stem Cells Create Such Public Controversy?,” Spontaneous Generations (2011) 5: 27-35.
“Regenerative Medicine’s Historical Roots in Regeneration, Transplantation, and Translation,” Developmental Biology (2011) 358: 278-284.
With Karen Wellner, “Competing Views of Embryos for the Twenty-First Century: Textbooks and Society,” Science and Education (2011): 1-13.
“Ross Granville Harrison (1870–1959) and Perspectives on Regeneration,” Journal of Experimental Zoology B (2010) 314: 607-615.
“The Embryo Project: An Integrated Approach to History, Practices, and Social Contexts of Embryo Research,” with Manfred Laubichler, Journal of the History of Biology (2010) 43: 1-16.
“Politics and Biology,” with Manfred Laubichler, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (2010).
“What is a Healthy Embryo and How Do We know?,” with Jason Robert, in Jeffrey Nisker, editor, The ‘Healthy’ Embryo: Social, Biomedical, Legal and Philosophical Perspectives (Cambridge University Press, 2010), 1-15.
“The Embryo Project and the Emergence of a Digital Infrastructure for History and Philosophy of Science,” with Manfred Laubichler and Grant Yamashita. Annals of History and Philosophy of Science (2009 published; 2007 issue) 12: 79-96.
“Evolution and Society,” in Michael Ruse and Joseph Travis, editors, Evolution: The First Four Billion Years (Harvard University Press, 2009), pp. 330-347.
“Cloning and Stem Cell Debates in the Context of Genetic Determinism," Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics (2009) 9 Supplement: 565-584.
“Controlling Life: from Jacques Loeb to Regenerative Medicine,” Journal of the History of Biology (2009) 42: 215-230.
“Regenerative Medicine in Historical Context," Medicine Studies: International Journal for the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine & Allied Sciences (2009) 1:33-40.
“The Ethos and Ethics of Translation,” with Mary Sunderland, Rachel Ankeny, and Jason Robert, American Journal of Bioethics (2008, with response to commentaries) 8: 43-51.
“Evolution and Society,” with Manfred Laubichler, in Michael Ruse and John Travis, editors, Companion to Evolution (Harvard University Press, 2008).
“Untangling Debates about Science and Religion,” in Nathaniel Comfort, editor, The Panda’s Black Box: Opening up the Intelligent Design Controversy (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), pp. 83-108.
“Embryos, Cells, Genes, and Organisms. Reflections on the History of Evolutionary Developmental Biology,” with Manfred Laubichler, in Roger Sansom and Robert N. Brandon, editors, Integrating Evolution and Development, From Theory to Practice (MIT Press, 2007), pp. 1-24.
“What is an Embryo, and How do we Know?,” in Michael Ruse and David Hull, editors, Cambridge Companion to Philosophy of Biology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 324-341.
“The Endothelium in History,” with Manfred Laubichler and William C. Aird, in William C. Aird, The Endothelium: A Comprehensive Reference (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 5-21. And “Conclusion,” pp. 1815-1816.
“To Evo-Devo through Cells, Embryos, and Morphogenesis,” in Laubichler and Maienschein, editors, From Embryology to Evo-Devo: a History of Evolutionary Development (MIT Press, 2007). And "Introduction" pp.1-12.
“Systems Bioethics and Stem Cell Biology,” with Jason Robert and Manfred Laubichler, Journal of Bioethical Inquiry (2006): 19-31.
“Introduction,” in Jane Maienschein, Marie Glitz, and Garland Allen, editors, Embryology at The Carnegie Institution of Washington Department of Embryology, A History of Development, Reproduction, and Genetics (Cambridge University Press, 2005): 1-20.
“Epigenesis and Preformation,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (refereed online encyclopedia, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epigenesis, 2005).
“The Path to Experimental Embryology” as “Dall’embiologia sperimentale alla biologia della sviluppo,” storia della scienza (Istituto Della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2004), VIII: 733-743.
“Laboratories in Science Education: Understanding the History and Nature of Science,” report prepared for the National Research Council Committee on High School Science Labs posted to: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/bose/HS_Labs_Resources.html (2004).
“Embryology, Evolution, and Ernst [Mayr],” Ludus Vitalis (2004) 12: 237-245.
“Confidence Building: In What, for Whom, and Why?,” Jurimetrics (2003) 44: 153-160.
“Ontogeny, Anatomy, and the Problem of Homology: Carl Gegenbaur and the American Tradition of Cell Lineage Studies,” with Manfred Laubichler, Theory in Biosciences (2003) 122: 194-203. (translated into Russian by I. Y. Popov, for U. Hossfeld, et al., editors, Evolutionary Morphology: From Carl Gegenbaur to Present (Elsevier, 2004).
“Biology and Society: Educating for the Future,” with Allison Whitmer and Ronald Rutowski, Journal for the Art of Teaching (2002) 9: 22-36.
“Innocent Reflections on Science and Technology Policy,” Technology in Society (2002) 24: 133-143
“Advocating the History for Science ,” in Garland Allen and Roy MacLeod, editors, Science, History, and Social Activism (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002), pp. 23-36.
“What's in a Name: Embryos, Clones, and Stem Cells ,” American Journal of Bioethics (2002) 2:11-18; on-line “target” article (2001), with responses.
“On Cloning: Advocating History of Biology in the Public Interest,” Journal of the History of Biology (2001) 34: 423-432
"Darwinismus and Entwicklung," in Uwe Hossfeld and Rainer Bromer, editors, Darwinismus und/als Ideologie (Verlag fur Wissenschaft und Bildung, 2001): 93-107. Translated from English.
“Why Study History for Science?,” Biology and Philosophy (2000) 15: 339-348.
“Competing Epistemologies and Developmental Biology,” in Biology and Epistemology, Richard Creath and Jane Maienschein, editors, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 122-137.
“Diversity in American Biology,” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences (1999) 21: 35-52.
"Libbie Hyman at the University of Chicago,” American Museum Novitate (1999): 25-32.
“Biology and Law: Challenges of Adjudicating Competing Claims in a Democracy,” With James Collins and Daniel Strouse, report for National Science Foundation, 1997. Revised version in Jurimetrics (1998): 151-181.
“The One and the Many: Epistemological Reflections on the Modern Human Origins Debate” in G. A. Clark and C. W. Willermet, eds, Conceptual Issues in Modern Human Origins Research, (Aldine de Gruyter Publishers, 1997), pp. 413-422.
“Changing Conceptions of Organization and Induction,” American Zoologist (1997) 37: 220-228.
"Pattern and Process in Early Studies of Arizona's San Francisco Peaks,” Bioscience (1994): 479-485.
“It's a Long Way from Amphioxus” Anton Dohrn and Late Nineteenth Century Debates about Vertebrate Origins” History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences (1994) 16: 465-478.
“Cutting Edges Cut Both Ways,” Biology and Philosophy (1994) 9: 1-24.
“Why Collaborate?,” Journal of the History of Biology (1993) 26: 167-183.
“Gene: Historical Perspectives,” in Evelyn Fox Keller and Elisabeth A. Lloyd, editors, Keywords in Evolutionary Biology (Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 122-127.
“Epistemic Styles in German and American Embryology,” Science and Context (1991) 4:407-427.
“The Origins of Entwicklungsmechanik,” in Scott Gilbert, editor, A Conceptual History of Modern Developmental Biology (Plenum Press, 1991), pp. 43-61.
“T. H. Morgan's Regeneration, Epigenesis, and (W)holism,” in Charles Dinsmore, editor, History of Regeneration Research (Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 133-149
“From Presentation to Representation in E. B. Wilson's The Cell ” Biology and Philosophy (1991) 6: 227-254
“Cytology in 1924: Expansion and Collaboration,” in Keith Benson, et al., editors, The American Expansion of Biology (Rutgers University Press, 1991), pp. 23-51.
“Cell Theory and Development,” in G. N. Cantor, et al., editors., Companion to the History of Modern Science (Routledge, 1990), pp. 357-373.
“T. H. Morgan as Invertebrate Embryologist,” International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development (1989) 15: 1-6.
“Whitman at Chicago: Establishing a Chicago Style of Biology?,” in Rainger, Benson, and Maienschein, editors, The American Development of Biology (1988), pp. 151-182.
“Why Do Research at the Seashore?,” American Zoologist (1988) 28: 15-25.
“Arguments for Experimentation in Biology,” PSA 86 (1987): 180-195.
“H. N. Martin and W. K. Brooks: Exemplars for American Biology?” American Zoologist (1987) 27: 773-783.
“Heredity/Development in the United States, Circa 1900,” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences (January 1987) 9: 77-91.
“Physiology, Biology, and the Advent of Physiological Morphology,” in Physiology in the American Context, 1850-1940, Gerald L. Geison, editor, (Bethesda, Maryland: American Physiological Society, 1987), pp. 177-207.
“Preformation or New Formation -- or Neither or Both?” in A History of Embryology , T. J. Horder, et al., editors, (Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 73-108.
“History of Biology,” Osiris , special volume on “Historical Writing on American Science” (2nd Series, 1985) 1: 147-162.
“Agassiz, Hyatt, Whitman and the Birth of the M.B.L .,” Biological Bulletin , (June 1985) 168 Suppl: 26-34.
“First Impressions: American Students At Naples,” Biological Bulletin , (June 1985) 168 Suppl: 187-191.
“Early Struggles Over the M.B.L.'s Mission and Money,” Biological Bulletin (June 1985) 168 Suppl: 192-196.
“What Determines Sex?: A Study of Converging Approaches,” Isis (1984) 75: 457-480 (translated and republished in several forms).
“Experimental Biology in Transition: Harrison's Embryology, 1895-1910,” Studies in History of Biology (1983) 6: 107-127.
“Don't Stop in Carlisle: Reactions to Philadelphia's 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic ,” John and Mary's Journal (1982): 3-16.
“Shifting Assumptions in American Biology: Embryology, 1890-1910,” Journal of the History of Biology (Spring 1981) 14: 89-113.
“Morphology and Modern Biology: Were the Americans in Revolt?” with Ronald Rainger and Keith Benson, Journal of History of Biology (Spring 1981) 14: 83-87.
“Cell Lineage, Ancestral Reminiscence, and the Biogenetic Law,” Journal of the History of Biology (1978) 11: 129-158.

Essays, Editorials, and Reference Articles

“The Camouflaged Metaphysics of Embryos.” Issues in Science and Technology (April 27, 2023).
"Did You Know: That Blood has led the way to Regenerative Medicine?," The Blood Project, January 2022: https://www.thebloodproject.com/copy-did-you-know-14/
“The Page 99 Test: What is Regeneration?,” https://page99test.blogspot.com/2022/10/jane-maienschein-and-kate-maccords-what.html
"Dead Fetuses are not Remains," Slate/Future Tense. May 31, 2019. https://slate.com/technology/2019/05/dead-fetus-burial-laws-personhood-indiana-texas.html
"The Public Needs to Weigh In on Genetic Engineering ," with Robert Cook-Deegan for Slate/Future Tense, www.slate.com, August 16, 2017.
"Time, Impact, and the Need for Digital History and Philosophy of Science," ISIS (2016) 107: 344-345.
“Regenerative Medicine” (pp. 936-939), “Embryonic Stem Cells” (pp. 1065-1068) and “History of Marine Stations” (pp. 647-650) in Jame Trefil, editor, Discoveries in Modern Science (Farmington Hills: Macmillan, 2014).
“How the Realities of Biology Complicate the “Personhood Movement,” Slate/Future Tense, www.slate.com, June 10, 2014.
“Marine Biological Laboratory,” “MBL Embryology Course,” “Biological Bulletin,” “MBL-WHOI Library,” “Biological Lectures Delivered at the MBL,” “Edmund Beecher Wilson,” Embryo Project Encyclopedia: http://embryo.asu.edu, 2013.
“David Hull as Ishkabibble President: Setting the Values,” ISHPSSB Newsletter, 2011.
“Reflections,” Special Alumni Panel for 50th Anniversary, Indiana University HPS Department Newsletter, 2011.
"Rethinking Sarton’s Institute for History of Science and Civilization – Virtually,” Isis (2009) 100:94-102.
“Eloge. Philip Pauly ,” Isis (2009) 100: 369-371.
“Stem Cell Research,” with Jason Scott Robert, Dictionary of American History, Dynamic Reference (2008).
“What Difference does History of Science Make Anyway?,” with George Smith, Isis (2008) 99: 318-21.
“How Can History of Science Matter to Scientists?,” with Manfred Laubichler and Andrea Loettgers, Isis (2008) 99: 341-349.
“Thomas Hunt Morgan,” New Dictionary of Scientific Biography (2008).
“BODYWORLDS as Education and Humanism ,” with Richard Creath, American Journal of Bioethics (2007) 7: 26-27.
“Development,”with Manfred Laubichler, New Dictionary of History of Ideas (Charles Scribners Sons, 2004).
“Human Embryos and the Language of Scientific Research,” American Journal of Bioethics (2003) 4: 6-7.
“Understanding Science and its Implications,” Kansas Law Review (2003) 51: 303-306.
“Thomas Hunt Morgan,” Encyclopedia of Evolution (2002).
“Staffing Science Policy-Making,” Science (2000) 290:1501 (read into Congressional Record, Senate of the 106th Congress, December 15, 2000).
“Old Wine in New Bottles,” Nature (2000) 407:21.
“Marine Biological Laboratory” and “Edmund Beecher Wilson” in The History of Science in the United States: An Encyclopedia (2000): pp. 333-334 and 576-577.
“Who's in Charge of the Gene Genie?,” The World and I (2000): 180-187.
“Toward Neuroetho-evo-devo-ecology: one View of the Mountain,” International Society for Neuro-ethology Newsletter (November 1999).
“Commentary: To the Future -- Arguments for Scientific Literacy,” with Undergraduate Students, Science Communication (1999) 21: 75-87.
“The Value of Practicing Practical History,” Endeavour (1999) 23: 3-4.
"Science, Political Literacy and the 105th Congress,” AWIS Newsletter (1999): 26-27.
“Edwin Grant Conklin,” (3:330-332); “Ross Granville Harrison,” (10: 219-221); “Clarence Erwin McClung,” (14:883-884); “Henry Van Peters Wilson” (23:582-583); and “Charles Otis Whitman” (23:273-275), American National Biography (1999).
“Scientific Literacy ,” with Undergraduate Students, Science (1998): 917.
“History and Philosophy of Science in Action,” History of Science Society Newsletter #4 (1998): 3.
“Program Essay/AAAS 150th Anniversary Meeting, (1998).
“Introduction to the MBL's Second Century: Jacques Loeb” in Robert Barlow, et al., editors, Centennial Lectures (Harvard University Press, 1993), pp. 1-4.
“Oscar Riddle,” and “Nettie Stevens,” Dictionary of Scientific Biography Supplement II (1990): 736-738 and 867-869.
“Neurobiology a Century Ago at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole,” Trends in Neurosciences (1990) 13: 399-401.
“Evaluating Science Through History,” Columbia History of Science Newsletter (1988): 2-4.
“Alfred Huettner,” Collecting Net (August 1987): 4
“Pigeons, Visions, and An Ideal Station,” M.B.L. Science (Summer 1985): 11-12.
“Resources at the Marine Biological Laboratory,” Mendel Newsletter (1984) 24: 4.
“Crucial Experiment,” “Development,” “Developmental Mechanics,” “Encapsulation,” “Entelechy,” “Epigenesis/Preformation,” “Germ Layer Theory,” “Induction,” “Mosaic Theory of Development,” “Metamorphosis,” “Organizer,” “Ovism/Animaculism,” “Recombination,” Oxford Dictionary of the History of Science (1981).
“C.O. Whitman at the M.B.L.,” Mendel Newsletter (1976) 13:1-3.